The Effect of Pronunciation on Spellings and Comprehension

The Effect of Pronunciation on Spellings and Comprehension Free Online Research Papers I conducted this study to find answers to the problem whether or not pronunciation affects spelling and comprehension of the students in learning English as a Foreign Language. As a researcher, I tried to prove if learners of the English language from Middle East had common errors in writing correct spelling of words with letter ‘r’, be it in the middle or at the end of the word, and if their comprehension was affected by pronunciation. Specifically, I aimed to answer the questions: (1.) Is there significant effect of pronunciation on spelling? (2.) Does pronunciation affect comprehension? I conducted this study in Non-Destructive Testing Technology Institute, 2nd Industrial City of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for eleven (11) weeks on the 2nd quarter of SY 2008-2009. The participants involved were thirty (30) Arab students enrolled in my General English class. They were all first year college students taking up Welding course. These participants had previously learned and acquired British English. My purpose of conducting the study was to provide an output that will be of help to teachers to understand if the same problem is encountered or will be encountered by them, and to encourage them to use teaching strategies appropriate to the learning style of the learners. Likewise, the result will be beneficial for them to help students improve their spelling and comprehension in learning the English language. Discussion My attempt to do the study was inspired by my own experience as an English teacher in dealing with the non-native speakers of English in a vocational school particularly Non-Destructive Testing Technology Institute where I taught General English to Arab students who had been exposed to British English, or who had previously acquired and learned the language. Since I was using American English, a minimal confusion occurred on both parties in the teaching-learning situation. There was confusion in the production of the r sound in words with middle, or final ‘r’ (i.e., welder, worker, world, marker, car, cutter, etc†¦) and in spelling of words like center, color liter, meter, and the like. The problem is similar to the intrusive r mentioned in the study conducted by Bryan Gick of the University of British Columbia (cited in http://camba.ucsd.edu/files/phonoloblog/gick-intrusive-l-amsp02.pdf.). Considering this experience, as a researcher, I conducted the study immediately after a week of teaching. Accordingly, linguists have long been interested in intrusive r for a variety of reasons. The importance of early descriptions of the phenomenon as it appeared in early British RP, such as that provided by Jones (1917). Intrusive r was first recognized as relevant to phonological theory by a group composed mostly of American Structuralists, who identified it as bearing crucially on contemporary discussions of the phonemicization of low vowels and glides (Bloomfield 1935; Trager 1943; Whorf 1943; Swadesh 1947). Although somewhat later, and with a more dialectological focus, Kurath’s (1964) analysis should also be included in this category. Interest was renewed by the Generativists and following generations, beginning with Kahn’s (1976) dissertation on syllable structure and continuing to the present day (e.g., Mohanan 1985; Vogel 1986; Broadbent 1991; McCarthy 1991, 1993; Harris 1994, chap. 5; McMahon,Foulkes, and Tollfree 1994; McMahon and Foulkes 1995; Giegerich 1997; Halle and Idsardi 1997; Gick 1999). Intrusive r says Gick, may be viewed simplistically as the extension by analogy of a historically attested final /r/ to words historically ending in a vowel (generally this applies only to the set of non-glide-final vowels: /@, a, O/). Thus, in dialects with intrusive r, normally word-final r and zero alternate, depending on whether the word is vowel-initial, as in the following examples. 1. R ~ Ø alternation in historically r -final words (e.g., E Mass.) a. tuner [tun@] à ¼ tuner is [tun@r Iz] b. spar [spa:] à ¼ spar is [spar Iz] c. pore [pO:] à ¼ pore is [pOr Iz]. Gick also explains that in some dialects, this process has extended to all words ending in /a/, /O/, and /@/,. as shown below which is commonly known as intrusion. 2. R ~ Ø alternation in historically vowel-final words (e.g., E Mass.) a. tuna [tun@] à ¼ tuna is [tun@r Iz] b. spa [spa:] à ¼ spa is [spar Iz] c. paw [pO:] à ¼ paw is [pOr Iz]. But Gick emphasized that in most dialects, this alternation never occurs following other vowels. Gick (1999) points out that the historical development of intrusive r followed an identifiable and necessary sequence of linguistic events: vocalization, linking, merger ( or near merger), reanalysis (intrusion), and generalization. In the study conducted by Gick of which he aimed to determine if intrusive r has the same pattern with intrusive l, he found out that the same pattern is reflected in existing dialect typologies as well. He said, such an ordering is valuable in pinpointing the present stage of development of the highly parallel intrusive l. This sequence proceeds historically as follows. Postvocalic liquids undergo vocalization. Philadelphia (S Pa.) is well known for this behavior: â€Å"In Philadelphia, word-final /l/ is vocalized with great frequency† (Ash 1982b, 162). This process, by definition, applies only to liquids (and possibly glides). Vocalization may be thought of as one instantiation of a more general phonetic process known as final reduction (or, conversely, initial strengthening), which may apply to any consonant. Final reduction is a property of apparently all consonants in all dialects of English studied to date, whereby the articulatory movements of postvocalic allophones tend to be â€Å"reduced,† or less constricted, compared with those of prevocalic allophones (Browman and Goldstein 1995; Gick forthcoming a). Liquid consonants, however, are unusual in that they involve multiple lingual articulations (e.g., the tongue front raising gesture and tongue root retraction for /r/; Delattre and Freeman 1968). When liquid consonants undergo ?nal reduction, it is only the anterior articulations (i.e., the coronal constriction for /l/ and the tongue front raising for /r/) that are affected (Giles and Moll 1975; Ash 1982a, 1982b; Hardcastle and Barry 1989, 15; Sproat and Fujimura 1993; Gick 1999, forthcoming a). However, according to Gick the posterior articulations, that is, the tongue dorsum retraction for /l/ and the tongue root retraction for /r/, remain more or less unaffected (see Gick forthcoming b and Gick, Kang, and Whalen forthcoming for further evidence in support of this analysis of liquid vocalization in English). The result is that final allophones tend perceptually to have a stronger â€Å"vocalic† component (Sproat and Fujimura 1993) than initial allophones (hence the term vocalization). In its most extreme manifestation, vocalization may result in a complete loss of the anterior articulation. On the part of the students, trouble came from the way how I pronounced the words, spoke and wrote the spelling of words using American English. On my part as the teacher, trouble came from the way how the students pronounced the words, spoke and wrote the spelling of the words using British English. Focusing on pronunciation and spelling as a teacher-researcher, I noticed that when some students wrote, they occasionally omitted letter ‘r’ from the word that ends with letter ‘r’ and even changed the spelling following their own pronunciation. (i.e., ‘otha’ instead of ‘other’; ‘neva’ instead of ‘never’; ‘welda’ instead of ‘welder’; ‘computa’ instead of ‘computer’; ‘teacha’ instead of ‘teacher’). Another observation was students’ pronunciation of few words with letter ‘o’, like for examples, ‘follow’ is pronouced as (fol-o) instead of (fal-ow); ‘blood (blod) instead of (blad); ‘box (boks) instead of (baks). As a result, some of them wrote the words in reference to the way how they pronounced them. Analyzing the situation, my input appeared to be another kind of English to the students and that the students’ feedback, on the other hand, seemed to be another kind of English to me though I already had knowledge about the difference of British English and American English. As a researcher, I described it as the encounter of two Englishes experiencing difficulty in trying to meet half-way. As a result of the observation I made, the comprehension of both parties was affected. Either I or the students experienced trouble in dealing with the English language. Conclusion My research employed quantitative and qualitative approaches in analyzing the data gathered and observed. In the eight written and two oral quizzes I gave, 27 out 30 students were found to be consistent in their errors in writing the spellings of the words with final and middle r by dropping them out of the words resulting to inaccuracy in spellings. Five of the written quizzes I designed were to allow the participants to write words with middle and final r to complete the sentences. The other three, were to instruct them to write the unknown words with middle or final r based on the context clues given. I conducted the two oral quizzes by reading the instructions aloud to let them write the words with middle or final r. However, similar results were obtained. There were errors in spellings even if I pronounced the words the way how American do it. Based on these facts, my study proved that pronunciation had a significant effect on spellings of some words, though my study was only focused in determining the words with middle and final r. My study also found out that pronunciation affected comprehension in learning a new English for the students who were exposed to another kind of English of which reduction of the final sound is practiced . This is the idea confirmed based on this study. However, the problem raised in the study was not focused directly on the difference of American English and British English but to determine and discuss some common errors committed by the learners as influenced by their pronunciation. This was the reason why the participants of this study performed differently than what I expected as a teacher in trying to teach English using American English. General Reference : American Speech, Vol. 77, No. 2, Summer 2002, Copyright  © 2002 by the American Dialect Society. OTHER R E F E R E N C E S (cited in Gicks Study) Ash, Sharon. 1982a. â€Å"The Vocalization of /l/ in Philadelphia.† Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania. - - - . 1982b. â€Å"The Vocalization of Intervocalic /l/ in Philadelphia.† SECOL Review 6: 162–75. Bloom?eld, Leonard. 1935. Language. London: Allen and Unwin. Broadbent, Judith. 1991. â€Å"Linking and Intrusive r in English.† UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 3: 281–302. Browman, Catherine P., and Louis Goldstein. 1995. â€Å"Gestural Syllable Position Effects in American English.† In Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues. For Katherine Safford Harris, ed. Fredericka Bell-Berti and Lawrence J. Raphael, 1934. New York: American Institute of Physics Press. Costa, Paul, and Ignatius G. Mattingly. 1981. â€Å"Production and Perception of Phonetic Contrast during Phonetic Change.† Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 69: S67. Delattre, Pierre C., and Donald C. Freeman. 1968. â€Å"A Dialect Study of American r’s by X-ray Motion Picture.† Linguistics 44: 29–68. Fasold, R. W. 1981. â€Å"The Relation between Black and White Speech in the South.† American Speech 56: 163–89. Fowler, J. 1986. â€Å"The Social Strati?cation of (r) in New York City Department Stores, 24 Years after Labov.† Unpublished MS. Gick, Bryan. 1991. â€Å"A Phonologically Motivated Theory of Consonantal Intrusion and Related Phenomena in English.† Unpublished MS. - - - . 1997. â€Å"The Intrusive L.† Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Dialect Society, Chicago, 2–4 Jan. - - - . 1999. â€Å"A Gesture-Based Account of Intrusive Consonants in English.† Phonology 16.1: 29–54. - - - . Forthcoming a. â€Å"Articulatory Correlates of Ambisyllabicity in English Glides and Liquids.† In Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI: Constraints on Phonetic a m e r i c a n s p e e c h 77.2 (2002) 182 Interpretation, ed. J. Local, R. Ogden, and R. Temple. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. - - - . Forthcoming b. â€Å"An X-ray Investigation of Pharyngeal Constriction in American English Schwa.† Phonetica. Gick, Bryan, A. Min Kang, and D. H. Whalen. Forthcoming. â€Å"MRI Evidence for Commonality in the Post-oral Articulations of English Vowels and Liquids.† Journal of Phonetics. Giegerich, Heinz. 1997. â€Å"The Phonology of ‘/O:/’ and ‘/A:/’ in RP English: Henry Sweet and After.† English Language and Linguistics 1: 25–47. Giles, Stephen B., and Kenneth L. Moll. 1975. â€Å"Cine?uorographic Study of Selected Allophones of English /l/.† Phonetica 31: 206–27. Halle, Morris, and William Idsardi. 1997. â€Å"r, Hypercorrection and the Elsewhere Condition.† In Derivations and Constraints in Phonology , ed. Iggy Roca, 331–48. Oxford: Clarendon. Hardcastle, William, and William Barry. 1989. â€Å"Articulatory and Perceptual Factors in /l/ Vocalisations in English.† Journal of the International Phonetic Association 15.2: 3–17. Harris, John. 1994. English Sound Structure. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. Jones, Charles. 1989. A History of English Phonology. London: Longman. Jones, Daniel. 1917. An English Pronouncing Dictionary. London: Dent. Kahn, Daniel. 1976. Syllable-based Generalizations in English Phonology. New York: Garland. Kurath, Hans. 1964. A Phonology and Prosody of Modern English. Heidelberg: Winter. Kurath, Hans, and Raven I. McDavid, Jr. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press. Labov, William. 1963. â€Å"The Social Motivation of a Sound Change.† Word 19: 273309. - - - . 1966. The Social Strati?cation of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. - - - . 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. 1, Internal Factors. Language in Society 20. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. - - - . 1996. â€Å"The Organization of Dialect Diversity in North America.† Paper presented at ICSLP4, Philadelphia, 6 Oct. Data published in The Phonological Atlas of North America (Web site). Available from ling.upenn.eduphono_atlas/ICSLP4.html. Labov, William, Malcah Yaeger, and Richard Steiner. 1972. A Quantitative Study of Sound Change in Progress. Philadelphia: U.S. Regional Survey. Lanham, L. W., and C. A. MacDonald. 1979. The Standard in South African English and Its Social History. Heidelberg: Groos. Lutz, John. 1984. â€Å"A Study of a Midwestern Dialect Using a Computational Model for Linguistic Variation.† Undergraduate senior thesis, Harvard Univ. McCarthy, John. 1991. â€Å"Synchronic Rule Inversion.† In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 15–18, 1991, vol. 1, General Session and Parasession on the Grammar of Event Structure, ed. Laure Research Papers on The Effect of Pronunciation on Spellings and ComprehensionStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Ryan Buckley Essays - Neuroscience, Sleep, Biology, Insomnia

Ryan Buckley Essays - Neuroscience, Sleep, Biology, Insomnia Ryan Buckley Eng. 105 9:40-11:10 11/28/17 Sleep Deprivation of the 21 st Century In a rapidly evolving American society, people are sleeping less and less. Yet, due in part to the economic strength of the pharmaceutical industry, they are often not receiving proper treatment. And the larger cultural forces at work, crucial for understanding 21st century sleep, are rarely considered to be a causal factor. Sleep is very complex. In fact, scientist do not even understand why our bodies really need sleep. What is known is that there are many different individual and social factors that are related to the amount people sleep, including age, homeostatic traits, anxiety and depression, medical conditions, alcohol and drugs, and . While sleep deprivation and insomnia are both related to insufficient sleep, they are two qu ite different things. Increased sleep deprivation, or sleep deficit, has sometimes been described as a symptom of the recent decrease in leisure time in American society. Working hours have increased during the second-half of the 20th century, along with sharp growth in American productivity and growth. A doubling of productivity could have translated into both higher incomes and decreased working hours, yet today employees rarely have a choice between getting paid in time or money. Instead, Americans, rel ative to the past, work more, earn more, and spend more. This focus on work and consumption over leisure time has brought an increased "time squeeze." While this is especially true for the average American woman, the time squeeze cuts across gender , social class, and marital status. Moreover, the recent growth of digital media and smartphones has dramatically raised productivity expectations and blurred the line between work and personal lif e. This decrease in free time and increased pace of life and stress has brought with it reduced sleep, with real consequences for physical and mental health, performance at work, and quality of life. For example, in the 1960s, the average amount of time A mericans spent sleeping was between 7 and 8.5 hours a night, while today 50% of the population averages under 7 hours, and, according to a 2008 survey, 1 out of 3 Americans say they get a good night's sleep only a few nights a month or less. Research sho ws that negative consequences of sleep deprivation include increased risk of physical problems such as diabetes, infection, and cardiovascular disease; excessive daytime sleepiness; microsleep episodes during waking hours; lapses in concentration, attentio n, memory, and judgment; reduced creativity and mental flexibility; increased irritability; and decreased motivation, interest, and initiative. Additionally, automobile driving skills suffer and several major accidents have been linked to sleep deprivation , underlining the seriousness of the issue as a public safety hazard. Insomnia, as opposed to sleep deprivation, is defined by the World Health Organization as a problem in falling and/or maintaining sleep. Severity is usually determined by the amount of time it takes to fall asleep and the duration of awakenings, as well as frequency and duration of sleep difficulties. Most people, at some point or another, experience acute insomnia in life; this is normal and must be distinguished from persistent insomn ia that lasts more than a month. Hyperarousal and hypervigilance around sleep are key factors in persistent insomnia. Several psychological and quality of life symptoms appear to be caused by insomnia. These include daytime fatigue and emotional dis turbances such as irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, and helplessness. Longitudinal studies suggest that persistent insomnia may be a risk factor for developing clinical depression. Somatic complaints such as gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, headaches, and non-specific aches and pains are also linked with insomnia. Interestingly, cognitive impairments resulting from insomnia, such as those in attention, concentration, and memory, appear to be more limited than those resulting from sleep depri vation.

What is ICD-10 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is ICD-10 - Research Paper Example Each category includes a set of related diseases or health conditions. Buechner (2002) states that there are over 120,000 codes available in ICD-10. ICD-10 is actually a diagnostic code set that interprets the signs, symptoms, diagnosis of diseases, abnormalities and other health conditions from words to codes which are used to store, retrieve and analyze the data later on (World Health Organization, 2004, p. 3). It was originally meant for the statistical classification of mortality rate recorded at the time of death registration. Afterwards, it played its role in compilation of morbidity statistics as well. ICD-10 was published in 1992 and has been in use in WHO Member States since 1994 after getting approved by the forty-third World Health Assembly in 1990. ICD-10 was published when the need for a stable and flexible classification system was felt that would not require revisions for many years. The Federal agency, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in the United States, holds the responsibility for the maintenance of ICD-10. WHO has approved the expansion of versions of ICD-10 to be used in the United States for typical government reasons. All amendments to be done to the ICD-10 must obey the rules laid down by WHO conferences for the ICD. ICD-10-CM is the clinical modification of ICD-10 and is referred to as a new diagnosis coding system that has replaced volumes 1 & 2 of ICD-9-CM. it was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; while, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) holds the responsibility to maintain this clinical modification coding. According to AHIMA (2009), it is a morbidity classification system that classifies the diagnoses of diseases along with other reasons for healthcare encounters. Health conditions are given alphanumeric codes comprising of 3-7 digits. The clinical modification contains features that give

Elements of Genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elements of Genre - Essay Example Thrillers are meant to instill a high sense of excitement in the movie-goer, as well as a good amount of anxiety, high-heart rates, and nervous tension as the characters struggle for survival against both internal and external survival threats. Directors use these elements of tension masterfully on their audiences, and can easily manipulate an audience’s level of anxiety or suspense with clever usage of music, action sequence, and dialogue. Movie-goers willfully oblige the director, eager to suspend belief and throw their emotions into the director’s crafty hands which increase or decrease the related tension and anxiety throughout the film as they bring the audience along for the ride. In three â€Å"thriller/suspense† genre films, â€Å"The Black Lagoon,† â€Å"The Planet of the Apes,† and â€Å"The Shining,† the directors masterfully utilize these elements to build tension and anxiety in the movie-goer. In all three movie clips, there is a noted lack of dialogue and a reliance on music and mood to increase the tension in the scene. The directors use music to build tension and signal to the movie goer that action is about to take place, create a crescendo of tension, and also bring the viewer down from the thrills he or she just experienced.

The Great Depression Brought Changes to Art in Many Ways Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Brought Changes to Art in Many Ways Essay Life In America was more open and out going then normal. Jazz clubs opened up at mostly every block, where young vibrant people would go drink and dance the night away. This kind of social activity was looked down upon by older citizens that thought this kind of behavior was inappropriate. This would ultimately lead up to prohibition and the first time ver in American history an amendment was excused making alcohol illegal in the United States. This caused crime rates to skyrocket within American cities causing some of the most notorious gangsters in American history to emerge, such as A1 Capone. So many other things came out of the roaring 20s, such as inventions of the automobile, radio and airplanes, new fashion styles, skyscrapers and movies. With life changing, so did art. Mostly throughout the 1920s there were a variety of art movements and styles that were popular. Such as surrealism, Art Deco, reglonallsm and with new technologies came photography and also film. In 1929 the stock market crashed causing many people jobs and their life savings. Banks were continuing to fail and jobless workers would rely on crime and theft to support their families. With the stock market crash and many people in debt, this paved the way for many artists to express their feelings, through painting, architecture [pic]and photography. One of the most popular art movements during this time was known as American Scene painting. This art movement rejected the earlier European Modernist and abstract styles. It primarily depicted realistic scenes of American life. One of the famous American scene painters was Charles Sheeler and was known as a Precisionist painter. HIS paintings mainly consisted of simplified forms of American factories and buildings and used crisped defined edges with smooth brushwork throughout his paintings. Above is his famous work titled simply mostly found in American architecture, Jewelry, furniture, clothes and handcrafts through out the 1920s. Its geometrical design with parallel lines kept the sleekness style throughout the 1920s. Surrealism was originally formed in Europe and with art students from America they had brought the style over to the United States. Some of the most popular surrealist was Alexander Calder and Joseph Cornell. Calder was a sculptor and an engineer who was inspired by surrealist painters in Europe to sculpt and create moveable pieces of art. One of his famous works was Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. All of the parts moved, not mechanically, but with the wind. People think he was an abstract artist, but he wanted to stimulate the imagination. Regionalism was another art movement that was influenced by the American Scene painting. Grant Wood was a regionalist painter who focused on the everyday living in America. His American Gothic is a realistic painting of what appears to be a husband and wife in front of their farm house. But it is actually supposed to be an older Iowa farmer and his daughter. The Regionalist movement is divided into two groups. One is the social realist and was influenced by the social troubles of the lower class. The other was the Regionalist and they were more focused of the positive side of things (such as Grant Wood), hoping to drive America out of the depression. A Regionalist painter named Thomas Hart Benton, painted his Instruments of Power from the mural America today. Which shows a mural of all sorts of technological improvements during this time period. It consists of a train, plain, electric towers, steam engines and other symbols of industry. The social realists were primarily focused on the American worker and sought to change the hard economic times of the Great Depression. In fact, most of the social realists rejected idealism and focused their attention o n how the artists saw the subjects and depicted how they felt about the subject. Social realist style was associated with hard-edged muscular figures that are distorted and morphed. The movements main goal was to show struggles of the working America. The leading social realist during this time was Aaron Douglas, who was also the leading artists for the Harlem Renaissance. During World War l, million of African Americans moved to the north to look for jobs. In the south there was not much opportunity at all for African Americans. This would be later called the Great Migration. This would cause great racial tension in the north. In Harlem, eager to share their social thoughts with the rest of the world, African Americans would then explore their new surroundings and experiment with usic, writing and art that revolutionize the Harlem Renaissance. Aaron Douglas would be the forefront of the Harlem Renaissance. He would produce great works, such as Aspects of Negro Life: From Slavery Through Reconstruction. This piece was meant for African Americans to realize they are part of this world and this country. The painting is a reenactment of the Emancipation Proclamati on, which suggests that Douglas was trying to reinforce their part in history. Douglass style was highly influenced abstract style. He would use a limited color palette in his paintings using a ariety of light and dark contrasts within his works. In contrast to Aaron Douglas, a young Jacob Lawrence would appear, painting a series called The Migration of the station. He used an abstract style and simple shapes that fits the forms of Cubism and African American folk art. In March 1933, newly elected president Franklin D. Roosevelt suggested a plan to revitalize the American economy. The plan was called the new deal and was simply a promise to the American people that this new plan would get America out of the economic depression. Many organizations came out of this new deal plan. For starving artist, this gave them a prime opportunity to make money and also to show their works of art. The Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) was an organization that was going to give artist work. The PWAP did not last long but it gave artists a reviving boost. Then in 1935 a much similar organization established called the Federal Art Project (FAP) employed over 5,000 artists from 1935 to 1943. Artists such as Michael Lensin would benefit from this organization. His mural Mining gives a true understanding of the American worker. Much of the FAP art were murals, sculptures nd frescos that still exist throughout the country. Most of the subject matter in these works of art was mainly about American struggle and American prosperity and achievements. These organizations would not Just produce painters, but would also produce great photographers that would capture real live images of people. This new technology would then revolutionize photography and will inspire future photographe rs throughout history. Photography was the most popular forms of art during the Great Depression. With new technology for cameras it was easy for photographers to capture images everywhere they went. The photographs captured real people with real struggles. It also captured the harsh reality of the Great Depression. Many photographers would go a different course and try to promote more positive images such as young people dancing and having a good time. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) would hire these photographers to capture certain images to promote positive life. The Great Depression was a time period when people needed to see the harsh realities of the Depression and how it effect people, especially the lower class citizens. A photographer such as Walker Evans was known as one of the masters of hotography. He took pictures of many people during the Great Depression and showed the grueling struggles of Americans. Walkers use of lighting, composition and capturing great detail was what made him a pioneer in the photography world. His photos of sharecroppers and immigrants during the Depression show the harsh realities of their situation. He was hired by the Farm Securit y Administration (FSA) to take a series of photographs of families living in run down homes. A photo taken in 1936 shows a family living in poor and dirty conditions posing in front of the camera. They all look run down and defeated. He placed them directly into the center of photograph making sure that they were the focal point of this picture. You can see throughout the picture Just how terrible these living conditions were. He would then carry out more series of photographs of the lower class during the Great Depression. imagery of the Depression to show viewers the impact of the struggling economy. The Farm Security Administration was aware of how photographs impacted public thought. There are Pictures such as mioung Girls Knitting Stockings in Southern Hosiery Mill by Lewis W. Hine, which shows girls in a factory working in a harsh tmosphere. This was an earlier photo taken during World War l. He would then focus more on the progress of America. He took an extraordinary photo called Rivetting on the dome, a quarter mile up. It was a photo taken of workers during the construction of the Empire State building. Some photographers took pictures of the positive, many photographers were more curious about the stru ggles during the Great Depression. One photographer in particular was Dorothea Langes

Internet - Ethics of Online Medical Records Essays -- Exploratory Ess

The Ethics of Online Medical Records      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   This paper describes the ethical implications of developing a national online medical database.   Such a database would contain the lifetime health records of every U.S. resident by combining information from a variety of sources.   The advantages of such a system are many, but in the end, the question remains whether patients want to trade privacy for better healthcare.    A lonely ninety-year-old Chinese woman walks into a clinic.   Without any medical records, the physicians diagnose her with stroke, and she is immediately hospitalized.   Two days later, her son arrives at the hospital, apparently quite angry with the doctors.   He informs the physicians that her mother has been in this condition for many years, and should not be treated for stroke.   Unfortunately, the treatment has already started, and the son is billed $12,000 for two days of hospitalization.   This unfortunate incident was witnessed by Jennifer Danek, M.D. in a San Francisco hospital.   She concludes, "Had we gotten the correct history, we could have saved this woman a lot of unnecessary testing and not cost her son his whole life savings" [3].      How ironic that in today's so-called Information Age, physicians have a shortage of accessible information on their own patients!   This lack of information on patients has not only handicapped physicians, but also jeopardized the lives of their patients.   In an attempt to fix this problem, some physicians have proposed the creation of a national database that contains the medical records of every American resident [4].   While the benefits of this system are many, opponents argue that patients' privacy may be compromised.   Worse, confidential pati... ...logy Revolution Brings New Ethical and Legal Risks." Psychiatric News (2000): 26 pars. 26 Jan. 2001. <http://www.psych.org/pnews/00-05-05/tech.html>. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapman, Audrey. Healthcare and Information Ethics. Kansas City: Sheed and Ward, 1997. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Danek, Jennifer, M.D., The Med School Survival Guide. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Davis, Michael. Computerizing Healthcare Information. Chicago: Probus Publishing Company, 1994. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Orentlicher, David and Barr, Bob. "Is a 'unique health identifier' for every American a good idea?"42 pars. 26 Jan 2001. <http:// www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1571/n31_v1 4/21064144/ print.jhtml>. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Orentlicher, David. and Healy, Bernadine. "Point/Counterpoint: Should Americans' medical records include unique identifiers?" Physician's Weekly, Nov. 1998 Vol. XV: 43.

Neat vs Sloppy

The Eternal Debate between the Neat and Sloppy Neat People vs.. Sloppy People by Suzanne Bruit takes a unique stance on clutter. The author believes a person preference on their cleanliness is boiled down to a moral standpoint. Sloppy people are not sloppy, they only have a precise plan that will never co me to fruition. She views neat people as wasteful, lazy, and ungrateful. This stance is unique and interesting but without data it is simply speculation. The author seems to be biased.She says sloppy people â€Å"give loving attention to every diet ail†(256). As a sloppy person myself I reject this. Yes, I sometimes have trouble judging the I importance of a piece of paper and keep it. Most of the time I stash useless papers because the ere simply is no trash can near me. Furthermore, she believes neat people are self centered and mindless as pop used to mindful. â€Å"If anything collects dust, it's got to go† (256). My mother is the clean SST person I know. He is als o very concerned about the environment.She recycles and ere sees furniture until it breaks. She has three dogs and each of them are clean. She just prefers clean lines and cleanliness provides a more positive environment than a Sloppy one. While I enjoyed reading the story, it seemed whiny and biased. I feel bad for S Suzanne for not knowing decent clean people. If she had ever seen the show hoarders she would know that not all sloppy people are morally superior. If she had evidence, this could have e been a great paper.

A Vivid Dream Zechariah 3:1-10

Introduction The book of Zechariah is full of vivid imagery and peculiar visions that all help in the conveying of God’s message. This paper will examine the specific vision described in Zechariah 3:1-10. The intent of this essay is to examine the message of this vivid vision that Zechariah received and also to determine the application for readers at that time and for believers today. Compare English Versions The first step in studying this passage had been to read it over and over in multiple English translations to get a feel for how it could be interpreted in English.While there is some difference in the wording of different English translations it does not seem to change what is being communicated in the text. Some interesting differences in v. 4b do appear when describing the new clothing that is given to Joshua, it is described as simply a â€Å"change of raiment† (King James) or more elaborately â€Å"pure elaborately† (ESV) and in the NRSV â€Å"festal apparel†. The following verse describes the charge unto Joshua from the Angel of the Lord as being â€Å"protested† (King James) or â€Å"gave his charge† or even â€Å"spoke very solemnly† (Living Bible) which all seem much different than â€Å"assured† (NRSV).There is obviously some discrepancy as to the tone of this charge. Overall, the different English translations all describe a very similar vision experience. Structural Outline 1. Clean clothes for Joshua (3:1-5) 1. 1 Set the scene (3:1) 1. 2 Rebuke of Satan (3:2) 1. 3 Removal of iniquity (3:3-4) 1. 4 Clean garments and turban (3:5) 2. Promises from the Angel of the Lord (3:6-10) 2. 1 Joshua’s Commission (3:6-7) 2. 2 Promise of a coming Servant (3:8) 2. 3 In that Day (3:9-10) Genre of the Text This section of text is from the Prophet of Zechariah which places it in the genre of prophetic literature; however it also resembles apocalyptic iterature like that found in the book of Revelati on. What distinguishes this type of literature as apocalyptic is the obvious vision that is being described here (Miller 134). The scene for this vision is a courtroom with Joshua being on trial before the angel of the Lord. The vision then concludes with some messianic prophecy referring to the Messiah as â€Å"the Branch† (v. 8) and a promise is made for that day when â€Å"every one of you will invite his neighbor to come under his vine and his fig tree†. This is apocalyptic literature in the form of a vision conveying a messianic promise to those who will listen.Research the Text When reading this genre of literature, understanding whom it was written by is important to fully interpret the text. Zechariah’s name means â€Å"the Lord remembers† and is one of the most commonly used names in the OT (Miller 135). Zechariah’s name, along with his message, consistently reminded the nation that the Lord had made a covenant with Israel† (Klein 20 ). It is also a priestly name which could indicate Zechariah was a Priest as well as a Prophet (Miller 134) but this could also mean that he simply comes from a line of Priests (Klein 21).The first two chapters develop Zechariah as a â€Å"young man† (v. 4) who has an ear turned toward God in a difficult time in Israel’s history. It is also essential to understand the historical context that this text was written into. The book of Zechariah would fit into the Post-Exilic era of Israel’s history, after the return of God’s people to the city and the re-construction of the temple in Jerusalem had started. The message was directed to the â€Å"struggling Jewish returnees† (Miller 134) who would have been largely affected by the time in exile in Babylon.The Babylonians had recently been conquered by the Persian Empire and so great change for the nation of Israel was happening once again. Haggai and Zechariah (written at the similar time periods) both em phasize the everlasting Kingdom of God and the coming of a Messiah. The people of Judah would have been concerned about how their nation would survive in a world of such large superpower empires like Assyria, Babylon and now Persia. Would God ever demonstrate his power and establish his people as the most powerful of nations? Have the people paid their dues in exile?Why had he allowed them to go and return to their land and rebuild the temple? These questions would have been on the minds of the people at the time when Zechariah received this vision. This vision describes a courtroom scene involving some specific characters. The first character is introduced simply as â€Å"he† (3:1). This would be the same he as is mentioned in the previous chapter as â€Å"a man with a measuring line in his hand! † (2:1), and this man continues to be a messenger declaring the coming of the Lord (2:10) from his Holy dwelling (2:13).It seems as if it could be the same angel who â€Å"c ame again† in 4:1. Other commentaries say it is more likely that â€Å"the Lord himself made the revelation since the fourth vision, unlike the former visions, does not identify an angelic interpreter† (Klein 131). It seems however that ch. 3 continues on from the vision in chapter 2 and all the visions so far have had an angel to guide Zechariah through what he is seeing not the Lord personally. The next difficult part of this text is the uncleanliness of the High Priest named Joshua.The rebuilding of the temple was occurring at this time in Jerusalem and the High Priest would have been needed to oversee the running of the temple when it was completed but here Zechariah receives the revelation that the high priest is not fit for this service. The scene is this; the Angel of the Lord is the judge, the High Priest is on trial and the ‘adversary’ or the persecutor is â€Å"Satan† who is accusing the High Priest (3:1). The mention of the â€Å"filthy g arments† (v. 3) was significant when referring to a Priest in particular as the clothing of the Priest was to be to very specific standards (Lev. 8:5-9).This indicates that Satan’s accusations would have proved true. Yet, the Lord rebukes Satan. It seems that the Lord is asserting his authority and making the statement that he is the one who declares purity and innocence, he is the judge not Satan or the enemy or the adversary (the word Satan could be interpreted with any of those words). One commentator comments on this section that â€Å"Satan was reminding the Lord of the nation’s past wretchedness (1:2,4-6) and its unworthiness† (Miller 163) another commentator emphasizes this point â€Å"If the high priest is so filthy, how much more the nation as a whole† (Klein 133).Klein goes onto describe how this Joshua figure played a key role in the restoration of the returning community at this time in history and would have served as an excellent symbo l to represent the returning remnant. So the beginning of this text paints a significant picture of the nation of Israel’s guilt and the Lord’s rebuking of Satan for being so audacious as to make such a claim. The Lord responds by declaring Joshua’s innocence. In v. 4 the angel who is standing as Judge (most likely the LORD himself as he has the divine authority to bring judgment) declares that the filthy garments shall be removed.This reveals not the innocence of guilt but the pardoning of guilt. There is a demonstration of God’s forgiveness happening in this vision. Another question that arises has to do with who the witnesses are that are surrounding this trial scene and assist with the redressing of Joshua the High Priest as his pure clothes (vv. 4&5)? They are also brought up in v. 8 as â€Å"your friends who sit before you, for they are men who are a sign†. Klein refers to them simple as the â€Å"unknown angels† (139). The imagery of the Priest being dressed in clean garments is a common imagery and is used in Ps 132:9 â€Å"May your priests be clothed with righteousness†.The clean turban seems to be â€Å"the finishing touch. On the high priest’s turban was a plate of pure gold inscribed with the words: â€Å"HOLY TO THE LORD† (Exod. 28:36; 39:30). All of this is witnessed by the â€Å"Angel of the LORD [who] was standing by† (3:5b), adding to the legitimacy and importance of what is occurring. The Lord has sent his personal emissary to oversee what is occurring (Klein 141). The filthy garments have been removed and replaced with pure and clean clothes, now Joshua is ready to receive his commission. Now we arrive at the angel of the LORD’s commission of Joshua in v. . The discrepancy in the English translation of the description of this commission (described above) is not commented by Klein or Miller. The best translation seems to be â€Å"solemnly assured† (ESV) as it raises the importance on what it about to be said and that it will be a positive commission, an assurance. The commission has three parts. The first part is a call to be obedient, the second part is the reward if he is obedient which includes authority to rule in the temple, and the third part is the right to be included in the witnesses who surround them.Klein comments on this second reward, that it will allow Joshua â€Å"the high priest, whom the Lord exalts still higher, will have a direct access to the throne of God. Only the high priest could enter the holy of holies, and only once a year (Lev 16), but the declaration made to Joshua far surpasses this privilege by granting Joshua entry into the Lord’s heavenly throne room. † The scene in the courtroom has now moved from one of accusation to a scene of forgiveness and of honoring the high priest and therefore also the people of Judah.Next, the angel of the Lord prepares to make a promise (v. 8a) by calling Joshua to listen! â€Å"The verbal form mirrors that found in the Shema in Deut. 6:4, emphasizing the importance of the message to follow† (Klein 143). The message is to be directed to Joshua’s â€Å"friends who sit before you, for they are men who are a sign† (3:8a). It would seem reasonable that these friends of Joshua are fellow priests, or at least people who also hold a place of leadership among the returning community of Judah.Klein comments that this sign is that â€Å"Joshua’s fellow priests, however, symbolize good things the future will bring† (143). The future embodiment of this blessing will be in the servant who is the one called â€Å"the Branch†. These titles â€Å"servant† and â€Å"the Branch† are very common in the OT. The title â€Å"the Branch† links the messiah figure directly to the line of David (Miller 165) and the title of servant is reminiscent of the significant affirmation God gives to characters su ch as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Deut. 9:27) and the same Hebrew word (ebed) is translated as â€Å"servant of the Lord† (Klein 145).The messianic imagery continues with the imagery of the stone as it has elsewhere in scripture, â€Å"The stone the builders rejected has become the capstone; the Lord has done this, and it is marvelous in our eyes† (Isa 8:13-15; 28:16). Other interpretation of this stone is that it is referring to the cornerstone that would be used to build the new temple (Klein 147). This entire passage however seems to be concerned with the messiah and continued representation of him seems to be more likely, especially when considering the temple was most likely already completed at this time (Klein 147).The seven eyes on the stone would then represent the all-seeing and all-knowing power of this messiah. The concluding verse of this text affirms that this Messiah figure will bring about the desired peace and continued relationship that his people desi re. The imagery of sitting under a vine and â€Å"his fig tree† seems related to the title of â€Å"the Branch† as well and links the time of well-being with the Davidic Messiah who is to come. The vision concludes with an image of peace, prosperity, community and relationship. Relate the Parts In the concluding image the main purpose of this vision seems to be captured.The opening scene acknowledges the guilt of the accused and then removes that guilt, rebuking Satan, declaring that no one but the LORD is the judge. It welcomes the community to come around and participate in the removing of the guilt and the placing on of purity. However, the second section reveals that there is a further command now to live a life worthy of these shiny new clothes. Then it all concludes with the revelation of the source of this forgiveness and acceptance, who is â€Å"the Branch†, servant and stone, the messiah. The Theology How does this text reveal the nature of God?The visi on sets God up as the Judge, but what kind of judge? One who sees the guilt of his high priest and the people of Judah but removes that guilt. What gives him this kind of power? The prophets serve to remind God’s people of the covenant that they have with God and this should be kept in mind when considering who this Judge is. He made the law that the people are guilty of iniquity against. They sinned against him. Just as a debtor is the only one who can release someone from their debt, so the lawgiver is the only one who can forgive the lawbreakers.What is the Judge’s reason then for pardoning his people? The iniquity of the priest would have prevented the coming of his people to worship at the temple. Here is a judge that longs to be part of his people’s lives. He will also provide the means for this to happen in the future with the coming of his servant, he wants to be directly involved, personally involved. The end result of all this sounds much like street p arty. Through the cleansing of our iniquity we gain the honor beyond or expectation and with our neighbor in a prosperous land (v. 10).This is God’s reason for pardoning his people; this is the God we worship. Application How often have I worn the filthy clothes around this week? I constantly believe in the accusations of Satan, that I am a terrible friend, a terrible boyfriend that I simply use the people around me. What happens then? I live like that. When I believe those accusations I lie in light of those accusations. The importance of believing that God has dressed me in clean clothes is undeniable; he has got me ready for a party and declared me worthy of that invitation.Now it is time to live like I am heading to that party. I am who God declares me to be. Another application exists communally. Now the church knows who the messenger who was spoken of here is. We know Jesus and in this text in Zechariah he is once again emphasized as the one who came from God to bring a bout the peace and love of community when he comes. Should not the church also live as people free to enjoy the community of each other and of God? That is why Christ came, that is why he was sent.

Using the Six German Modal Verbs

Using the Six German Modal Verbs Modal verbs are used to indicate a possibility or necessity. English has modal verbs like can, may, must, and will. Similarly, German has a total of six modal (or modal auxiliary) verbs that you will need to know because theyre used all the time. What Are the German Modal Verbs? Man kann einfach nicht ohne die Modalverben auskommen!  (You simply cant get along without the modal verbs!) Can (kà ¶nnen) is a modal verb. The other modal verbs are just as impossible to avoid. You have to (mà ¼ssen) use them to complete many sentences. You shouldnt (sollen) even consider trying not to. But why would you want to (wollen)? Did you notice how many times we used modal verbs while explaining their importance? Here are the six modal verbs to look out for: dà ¼rfen -  may, be permitted  Ã‚  Ã‚  kà ¶nnen -  can, be ablemà ¶gen -  like  Ã‚  Ã‚  mà ¼ssen -  must, have tosollen -  should, ought to  Ã‚  Ã‚  wollen -  want to Modals derive their name from the fact that they always  modify  another verb. Additionally, they are always used in tandem with the infinitive form of another verb, as in,  Ich muss morgen nach Frankfurt fahren. (ich muss  Ã‚  fahren) The infinitive at the end may be left off when its meaning is clear:  Ich muss morgen nach Frankfurt. (I must [go/travel] to Frankfurt tomorrow.). Whether implied or stated, the infinitive is always placed at the end of the sentence. The exception is when they appear in subordinate clauses: Er sagt, dass er nicht kommen kann. (He says he cannot come.) Modals in the Present Tense Each modal only has two basic forms:  singular  and  plural. This is the most important rule you need to remember about modal verbs in the present tense. As an example, the verb kà ¶nnen  has the basic forms  kann  (singular) and  kà ¶nnen  (plural). For the singular pronouns  ich,  du,  er/sie/es, you will use  kann  (du  adds its usual -st  ending:  du kannst).For the plural pronouns  wir,  ihr,  sie/Sie, you will use  kà ¶nnen  (ihr  takes its usual -t  ending:  ihr kà ¶nnt). Also, note the resemblance to English  in the pairs  kann  / can and  muss  / must. This means that the modals are actually simpler to conjugate and use than other German verbs. If you remember that they have only two basic present tense forms, your life will be much easier. All of the modals work the same way:  dà ¼rfen/darf,  kà ¶nnen/kann,  mà ¶gen/mag,  mà ¼ssen/muss,  sollen/soll,  wollen/will. Modal Tricks and Peculiarities Some German modals take on a special meaning in certain contexts.  Sie kann Deutsch, for example, means She knows German. This is short for Sie kann Deutsch... sprechen/schreiben/verstehen/lesen. which means She can speak/write/understand/read German. The modal verb  mà ¶gen  is most often used in its subjunctive form:  mà ¶chte  (would like). This implies the probability, wishful thinking, or politeness common in the subjunctive. Both  sollen  and  wollen  can take on the special idiomatic meaning of it is said, its claimed, or they say.  For example,  Er will reich sein,  means He claims to be wealthy. Similarly, Sie soll Franzà ¶sin sein, means They say shes French. In the negative,  mà ¼ssen  is replaced by  dà ¼rfen  when the meaning is the prohibitive must not. Er muss das nicht tun, means He doesnt have to do that. To express, He must not do that, (not allowed to do that), the German would be,  Er darf das nicht tun. Technically, German makes the same distinction between  dà ¼rfen  (to be permitted) and  kà ¶nnen  (to be able) that English does for may and can. However, in the same way  that most English speakers in the real world use He cant go, for He may not go, (doesnt have permission), German speakers also tend to ignore this distinction. You will often find, Er kann nicht gehen, used  instead of the grammatically correct version, Er darf nicht gehen. Modals in the Past Tense In the simple past tense (Imperfekt), the modals are actually easier than in the present. All six modals add the regular past tense marker -te  to the stem of the infinitive. The four modals that have umlauts in their infinitive form, drop the umlaut in the simple past: dà ¼rfen/durfte, kà ¶nnen/konnte, mà ¶gen/mochte, and mà ¼ssen/musste. Sollen becomes sollte;  wollen  changes to wollte. Since the English could has two different meanings, it is important to be aware of which one you intend to express in German. If you want to say, we could do that, in the sense of we were able to, then you will use   wir konnten  (no umlaut). But if you mean it in the sense of we might be able to or its a possibility, then you must say,  wir kà ¶nnten  (the subjunctive form, with an umlaut, based on the past tense form). The modals are used much less frequently in their present perfect forms (Er hat das gekonnt, meaning He was able to do that.). Instead, they typically take  on a double infinitive construction (Er hat das nicht sagen wollen, meaning He didnt want to say that.).

The Invention of the Wheelbarrow

The Invention of the Wheelbarrow Its one of those ideas that seems so self-evident, once you have seen it in action. Rather than carrying heavy loads on your back, or burdening a pack animal with them, you can put them into a tub or basket that has a wheel beneath and long handles for pushing or pulling. Voila!   The wheelbarrow does most of the work for you. But who first came up with this brilliant idea? Where was the wheelbarrow invented? The First Wheelbarrows Were Created in China Not too surprisingly, the first wheelbarrows seem to have been created in China - along with the first gunpowder, paper, seismoscopes, paper currency, magnetic compasses, crossbows, and many other key inventions. The exact date and the actual inventors name both seem to be lost to history, but it seems likely that people in China have been using wheelbarrows for around 2,000 years. Invented in 231 CE According to legend, the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms Period, a man named Zhuge Liang, invented the wheelbarrow in 231 CE as a form of military technology. At the time, Shu Han was embroiled in a war with Cao Wei, another of the three kingdoms for which the era is named.   The Gliding Horse Zhuge Liang needed an efficient way to transport food and munitions to the front lines, so he came up with the idea of making a wooden ox with a single wheel.  Another traditional nickname for this simple handcart is the gliding horse. Using the wooden ox, a single soldier could easily carry enough food to feed four men for the entire month. As a result, the Shu Han tried to keep the technology a secret - they did not want to lose their advantage over the Cao Wei. Archaeological Evidence This legend is very tidy and satisfying, but probably untrue.  Archaeological evidence suggests that Chinese people were using the wheelbarrow more than a century before Zhuge Liangs supposed invention of the device in 231 CE. For example, a wall painting in a tomb near Chengdu, in Sichuan Province, shows a man using a wheelbarrow - and that painting was made in 118 CE. Another tomb, also in Sichuan Province, includes a depiction of a wheelbarrow in its carved wall reliefs; that example dates back to the year 147 CE. Invented in the Second Century in Sichuan Province It seems possible, then, that the wheelbarrow was invented in the second century in Sichuan Province.   As it happens, the Shu Han Dynasty was based in what is now Sichuan and Chongqing Provinces. The Cao Wei kingdom encompassed northern China, Manchuria, and parts of what is now North Korea, and had its capital at Luoyang in present-day Henan Province. Conceivably, the people of Wei were not yet aware of the wheelbarrow and its possible military applications in 231 CE.   Thus, the legend could be half-correct.  Zhuge Liang probably did not actually invent the wheelbarrow.   Some clever farmer likely had the idea first. But the Shu prime minister and general may well have been the first to use the technology in battle - and may have tried to keep it a secret from the Wei, who had not yet discovered the ease and convenience of the wooden ox. Since that time, wheelbarrows have been used for carrying all kinds of burdens, from harvested crops to mine tailings, and pottery to building materials.  Sickly, wounded, or elderly people could be carried to the doctor, before the advent of the ambulance. As the photo above shows, wheelbarrows were still being used to carry casualties of war into the 20th century. Invented Again in Medieval Europe In fact, the wheelbarrow was such a good idea that it was invented again, apparently independently, in medieval Europe. This appears to have happened sometime in the late 12th century. Unlike Chinese wheelbarrows, which usually had the wheel under the middle of the barrow, European wheelbarrows generally had the wheel or wheels at the front.

Final Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final Project - Research Paper Example There is a continued rise and development of companies throughout the world. This is mainly due to the increase in demand of various services that range from social amenities to business. Organizations have used a strong business strategy to take advantage of the developing markets to increase their profits. Real estate is one of the fastest growing sectors in India with an average of 14% annual pegs returns because of the Indian BPO boom. In addition, the housing sector has been growing at an average of 34% annually while the hospitality sectors have had a growth of 15% every year (Sarathy, 2011). It is anticipated that the real estate industry in India is purposed to grow exponentially in the future promising a potential market for investment. Therefore, real estate business is one of the key drivers of growth in India, with companies trying to consolidate their positions and trying to find effective means of suitable growth, the management of the real estate has emerged as one of the key challenges for the corporate sector. The Merlin Group is one of the real estate investors in India that have taken advantage of the rising real estate market to increase its profits. The company has developed a strategy to take advantage of the market boom to position its business in the most competitive manner. By conducting a PEST analysis of the India’s real estate industry, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the market strategy that Merlin Group has employed to promote its business in this dynamic market. For the purpose of this research, the various factors influencing the Indian real estate business will be investigated, identified and evaluated. This section of the outline will discuss into details the history of real estate development in India and the rest of the world and how the industry have come to contribute to the high rate

Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Individual Project - Essay Example The primary factor of the stability of this system is the international relations of dealers. The women are threatened not only by their punishment, but also by their relatives. Corruption also serves as one of the factors for stability of a human trafficking phenomenon, because it â€Å"protects criminals and their political helpers and refuses to citizens in usual justice†. Such situation explains why many countries do so a little for struggle against the networks of human trafficking. The ranges the organizations, engaged in human trafficking, vary from the small groups, annually forwarding abroad some women, up to large criminal structures for which human trafficking is the main source of their income. Some dealers operate through the tourist agencies which form groups and receive visas for such women, as for usual tourists. Such method, in particular, has been revealed while studying the visas received in embassy of Germany in Moscow in the end of 1990th years. For some groups - for example, operating in Israel - human trafficking is a way of money-laundering because the incomes of criminal activity pass through bars and other institutions where women work. Quite often women are sold on account of debts payment of the dealer. The prices differ depending on the region; in Holland, for example, the woman can be sold to the brothel owner for 15 thousand dollars. In Turkey the prices are not so high, but nevertheless the Slavonic women are appreciated more, than th e women from Caucasus. The cruel treatment with the sold women in Belgium and the Netherlands became so obvious problem, that in the middle of 1990th years under the initiative of the Dutch and Belgian women parliamentary trial on this question have been held(Janice, 2001). The human trafficking represents the "multivariate" threat: it deprives with people of their human rights and freedom, it is a global risk for health, and this phenomenon supports the growth of